Mathematical Navigation
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Many lines of position, and distances, can not be found by purely mechanical means. Either the chart can not be made of a practical size (for Celestial Navigation), or the distance can not be established directly without calculation (such as angles taken off of distant landmarks).

This section covers the techniques of Mathematical Navigation. Many of the techniques here are relegated to the status of 'backup' with ECDIS, or at the very least basic chart plotters with GPS feeds as navigation aids, however they are fundamental to understanding how they work, and any foreign going officer will need to have familiarity with these processes.

.. toctree::
   :maxdepth: 2

   latitude_and_longitude_in_calculations
   parallel_sailing
   course_angles
   plane_sailing
   mercator_sailing
   great_circle_sailing
   composite_great_circle_sailing
   meridian_passage
   celestial_bearings